Francis II, (born February 12, 1768, Florence—died March 2, 1835, Vienna), the last Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804–35); he was also, as Francis, king of Hungary (1792–1830) and king of Bohemia (1792–1836). Francis became Holy Roman Emperor in 1792 upon the death of his father, Leopold II. Charles was the last surviving prince of his line, and, in an effort to preserve the Habsburg dominions, he issued the Pragmatic Sanction to allow Maria Theresa to succeed him. On 6 January 1788, to Elisabeth of Württemberg(21 April 1767 – 18 February 1790). On 6 January 1808, he married again to another fir… On 6 January 1788, to Elisabeth of Württemberg(21 April 1767 – 18 February 1790). Francis I, (born Dec. 8, 1708, Nancy, Duchy of Lorraine—died Aug. 18, 1765, Innsbruck, Austria), Holy Roman emperor from Sept. 13, 1745; he was duke of Lorraine (as Francis Stephen) from 1729 to 1735 and grand duke of Tuscany from 1737. from 1737. Francis I (German: Franz Stefan, French: François Étienne; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions. Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis II married four times: 1. English: Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807) was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand IV & III of Naples and Sicily (later Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) (1751-1825) and his wife, Maria Carolina of Austria (1752-1814). Francis II, the last Holy Roman emperor (1792-1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804-35); he was also, as Francis, king of Hungary (1792-1830) and king of Bohemia (1792-1836). Francis III (born: Francis Leopold Ernst Albert Frederick von Habsburg) is the current reigning king of Austria and Bohemia. Though Francis had not been a faithful husband, Maria Theresa never wavered in her love, and his sudden death in 1765 plunged her into prolonged grief. She emerged from it, her zeal for activity nowise impaired. She approved drastic changes that her physician, the Dutchman Gerhard van Swieten, carried through at the universities (such as the introduction of textbooks, the linking of the medical school of the University of Vienna with the embryonic public health service, and the sovereign’s right to veto the election of deans by the faculties) even as he took them out of the hands of the Jesuits, to whose Society she herself was devoted. Maria Louisa of Spain 4= 4. On 6 January 1808, he married again to another fir… Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany 6 May 1769 18 June 1824 (aged 55) Married (1) Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily in 1790; had issue. Although Francis despised Napoleon as an upstart, he did not for reasons of state dare to refuse him the hand of his daughter Marie-Louise, whom Napoleon married in 1810. Maria Theresa thus became a pawn on Europe’s political chessboard. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maria-Theresa, The Catholic Encylopedia - Biography of Maria Theresa, History's Heroes? Only many years later did peasant riots in famine-stricken Bohemia, as well as the reported cruelty of Hungarian magnates, cause her to limit the use of forced labour. Corrections? He is the only son of his father and predecessor, Francis II … Wikimedia Foundation. He abdicated to declare himself Emperor of Austria because of Napoleon forming the Confederation of the Rhine. His wife effectively ruled Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Francis II (German: Franz II. The wedding was held on February 14, 1736. Maximilian I was the King of Romans who served as the Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519. Family: Spouse/Ex-: Caroline Augusta of Bavaria, Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg, Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 4. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Anúncios relacionados a: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor wikipedia Maria Theresa is interred next to her husband in an ornate double sarcophagus beneath Vienna’s Capuchin monastery. Corrections? The second and eldest surviving child of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Archduchess Maria Theresa was born on 13 May 1717 in Vienna, a year after the death of her elder brother, Archduke Leopold, and was baptised on that same evening. After the Congress of Vienna (1815), Francis supported his chief minister, Metternich, in the conservative and restrictive policies that became known as the Metternich system. Francis I (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real power of those positions.With his wife, Maria Theresa of Austria, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. When she was 18, she married Francis Stephen of Lorraine. Media in category "Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor" The following 41 files are in this category, out of 41 total. S. B., was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014 until his death in 1024 and the last member of The Ottonian Dynasty of Emperors, as he had no children. An absolutist who hated constitutionalism in any form, he supported Austria’s first coalition war against France (1792–97), sometimes taking the field himself, until forced to accept the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797), by which the empire lost Lombardy and the left bank of the Rhine. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Francis II (German language: Franz II., Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.. Francis I (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) [1] was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions.With his wife, Maria Theresa, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. From 1728 until 1737 he was Duke of Lorraine, but lost Lorraine when he had to give it to France. The year 1809 saw Austria’s fourth unsuccessful war against Napoleon, during which Francis, always distrustful of revolutionary or even popular movements, abandoned pro-Habsburg Tirolese rebels to France and Bavaria. She paid but scant attention to the global ramifications of the ensuing Seven Years’ War. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary 2. Francis II (German: Franz II., Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the decisive defeat at the hands of the First French Empire led … Updates? Emperor Francis died on 18 August 1765, while he and the court were in Innsbruck celebrating the wedding of his second son, Leopold. Francis’ uncle, Joseph II, the Holy Roman Emperor, had no surviving children. Their eldest son, Joseph, became Holy Roman Emperor By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Anúncios relacionados a: Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor wikipedia In a famous “reversal of alliances” (1756) she threw over England, the old ally and “banker” of the Habsburgs, and allied herself with France, their ancient foe. He supported the conservative political system of Metternich in Germany and Europe after the Congress of Vienna. The following Text is from Wikipedia - the free encyclopædia. Francis II (German: Franz II, Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.In 1804, he had founded the Austrian Empire and became Francis I (Franz I. (She was the last of the Catholic monarchs to close its establishments.) Francis II (German: Franz II, Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.. The dazzling ideas of her new chancellor, Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz, fired her determination to recover Silesia, indeed, to destroy Prussia. Although she could not reign as Holy Roman empress in her own right, she was groomed from an early age to preserve Habsburg territory and influence. In the further process of abolishing tax exemptions held by the great landowners, who dominated those assemblies, she hit on the notion of a “God-pleasing equality.” Yet she did not question the justice of the manorial lord’s claim on the labour of his hereditary subjects. On January 24, 1737 Francis received Tuscany from his father-in-law.Until then, Maria Theresa was Duchess of Lorraine. Maria Theresa of Austria Queen of Hungary & … Moreover, she had entered into a treaty with Russia, a newcomer to European rivalries. Ferdinand was born on April 19, 1793, in Vienna, Austria, Holy Roman Empire, to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, and his second wife, Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily. The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on August 6, 1806, when Emperor Franz II abdicated his Imperial title and released all imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the empire. Joseph II (German: Josef Benedikt Anton Michel Adam; English: Joseph Benedict Anthony Michael Adam; 13 March 1741 – 20 February 1790) was Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 1780 until his death. They were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. Maria Theresa was the eldest daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI and Elizabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. They married on February 12 in the Augustinian Church, Vienna. Károly), the last King of Croatia, last King of Bohemia (as Charles III, Czech: Karel III. Upon the death of Charles Albert (1745), she secured for her husband, Francis, the imperial crown, which the law denied to women. Francis II (German: Franz II, Erwählter Römischer Kaiser) (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. dynasty. In 1753, Leopold II was engaged to be married to Maria Beatrice d'Este. It was she who institutionalized government censorship; on the other hand, it was she, too, who launched plans for compulsory primary education. Leopold II (German: Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; Italian: Pietro Leopoldo Giuseppe Antonio Gioacchino Pio Gottardo; Scots: Peter Leopold Joseph Anthony Joachim Pius Godehard; 5 Mey 1747 – 1 Mairch 1792), wis Haly Roman Emperor an Keeng o Hungary an Bohemie frae 1790 tae 1792, Airchduke o Austrick an Grand Duke o Tuscany frae 1765 tae 1790. Son of the future emperor Leopold II and Maria Luisa of Spain, Francis received his political education from his uncle, Emperor Joseph II, who disliked his nephew’s unimaginative outlook and stubbornness but praised his application and sense of duty and justice. Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily (6 June 1772 – 13 April 1807) was the last Holy Roman Empress and the first Empress of Austria by marriage to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles VI (1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740) succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I, as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia (as Charles II), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Charles III), and King of Serbia (as Charles I) , Archduke of Austria, etc., in 1711. Charles II, Archduke of Austria 9. Francis I (German: Franz Stefan; Italian: Francesco Stefano; English: Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real powers of those positions., though his wife … 2010. Francis himself was present at many of the battles of 1813–14, which finally destroyed the French emperor’s power. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-II-Holy-Roman-emperor, Holy Roman Empire Association - Holy Roman Emperor Francis II - 1792-1806. With his wife, Maria Theresa of Austria, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. This contest with Prussia was followed by two more, the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) and the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79), which further checked Austrian power. Charles V was the last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope (1530). Wi his wife, Maria Theresa, he wis the foonder o the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. A new public-debt policy, the settlement of the empty spaces of Hungary, the drafting of a penal code to supplant the tangle of local systems, and a kind of poor law—these were but some of the innovations in which she herself took a hand, with her common sense doing service for the book learning she lacked. ; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the decisive defeat at the hands of the First French Empire led by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz.. Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (= 12) 5. ), Francis was the son of Leopold II., whom he succeeded in 1792. Francis I (Francis Stephen; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany, though his wife effectively executed the real power of those positions.With his wife, Maria Theresa of Austria, he was the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. Maria Anna of Bavaria 11. When its end sealed the loss of Silesia and left the monarchy with a mountain of debts, she became a champion of peace. Franz II would be the last Holy Roman Emperor. After Austria took the field against Napoleon for the third time in 1805 and was again defeated, Napoleon dictated the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; Francis abdicated his title in 1806. She was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand IV & III of Naples and Sicily (later Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies) (1751–1825) and Marie Caroline of Austria (1752–1814). Thus in 1784, at the age of 16, he was sent to Vienna to be trained as a future king. Her refusal to negotiate with Frederick II (later the Great) of Prussia, who had invaded Silesia, her most prosperous province, appalled the senescent councillors of her late father. In 1736 she married Francis Stephen of Lorraine. Henry II (German: Heinrich II; Italian: Enrico II) (6 May 973 A.D. – 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry, Obl. Maria Theresa was born in Vienna, Austria, on 13 May 1717.Her parents were Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.Her father had made the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a decree which allowed a female ruler despite the Salic law prohibition.. Maria Theresa married Duke Francis Stephan I of Lorraine for love. In 1804, he had founded the Austrian Empire and became Francis I (Franz I. Her successful appearance before the refractory Hungarian Estates, ending with an appeal for a mass levy of troops, gave her a European reputation for diplomatic skill. He was initially trained for priesthood. Maria Theresa’s father was the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI, and her mother was Elizabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. When the elector Charles Albert of Bavaria—one of the princes who had joined Frederick in assaulting Habsburg territories—was elected emperor, Maria Theresa was mortified; that dignity, little more than titular by then, had in practice been hereditary in her family for 300 years. Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (Spanish: María Luisa, German: Maria Ludovika) (24 November 1745 – 15 May 1792) was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis II (German: Franz; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the decisive defeat at the hands of the First French Empire led by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz. Gian Gastone de' Medici, who died on 9 July 1737, was the second cousin of Francis.In June 1737 Francis … His first act was to abandon his father's pacific policy by joining Frederick William II. Ascending to the throne on the death of his father in 1792, Francis inherited the problems raised by the French Revolution. The death of an only son prompted Charles, the only living prince of his line, to promulgate the so-called Pragmatic Sanction, a royal act, eventually recognized by most powers, whereby female issue was entitled to succeed to the domains of the Habsburgs. Thus, the ancien régime that had come to an end in France in 1789 ended in Germany also. Upon her accession, the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48) erupted, challenging her inheritance of the Habsburg lands. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In the face of the opposition of many noblemen, she managed to reduce drastically (except in Hungary) the powers of the various dominions’ estates, which had held the monarchy’s purse strings since time immemorial. August 1765, was first from Although the abdication was considered legal, the dissolution of the imperial bonds was not and several states refused… Again defeated by France (1799–1801), he elevated Austria to the status of an empire (1804) soon after Napoleon had made himself emperor of the French. He was the first to be the Elected Roman Emperor and not crowned, as the journey to Rome proved to be a risky affair. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Text is from Wikipedia - the free encyclopædia Francis inherited the problems raised the. Point of its prestige, its capital beset by unrest Francis I, Holy Roman Empire was signed on 4! 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